A Kidney stone is a mass formed inside the Kidney and is composed of substances from the urine. It is a mixture of crystalline & non – crystalline material.
It could be:-
- Calcium oxalate:- Common ( 60 % )
- Calcium phosphate & mixed ( 20% )
- Uric Acid ( 5 to 10 % )
- Struvite ( 5 to 10 % )
- Cystine (1 to 3 % )
- Rare 3 %
Those who take a low fluid intake.
Those people who live in hot climates. This is directly related to dehydration & crystallisation in the urine.
Those who excrete a high amount of calcium, oxalate, uric acid & low quantities of citrate & magnesium in urine.
hose who consume a high intake of animal protein which increases urinary calcium, oxalate & uric acid excretion.
Adult men are more prone to form kidney stones (Protective effect of estrogen against stone formation in women).
Hyperparathyroidism, Renal tubular acidosis, Gout & Cystinuria.
Miscellaneous.
The recurrence rate is 50 % in 10 years
Excruciating pain in the abdomen, back & groin, pain may radiate to the genitalia on the side which bears the stone. Pain is colicky in nature & may be associated with nausea & vomiting.
- Blood in urine
- Difficulty in passing urine
- Kidney stones may be silent
Spontaneous passage (Approx. 80% of stones pass out spontaneously) depending upon the size of stones. Less than 5mm stones have a higher incidence of spontaneous passage. As the size of stone increases the chances of spontaneous passage decrease.
Non-Surgical or expectant treatment for small stones ( Plenty of fluids & medicines which can facilitate spontaneous passage of small stones ) Surgical Treatment - Kidney Stones Reoccur
There are three main procedures available today
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy
Flexible & Semirigid Ureteroscopy ( RIRS – Retrograde Intrarenal Surgery )
